The first step in determination of the Islamic and Iranian scientists’ contribution to medical science advancements and also achieving their knowledge is critical and comparative analysis of their knowledge versus modern sciences. In this study, we have compared some points of “muscles” treaties of the Persian book “Tashrih-e badan-e ensan” (human body anatomy), also known as Tashrih-e Mansuri, by Mansur Ibn Mohamad Ibn Ahmad Shirazi with modern science. In this paper, nine points were compared and criticized, including:
1- describing the brain function and that brain is the origin of sense and movement
2- accompanying of nerves, connective tissue, tendons, and ligament with muscular fibers
3- the function of muscles, mechanism of muscle traction, five criteria for classification of body muscles including the size of a muscle, its shape, its status, its combination with other muscles, and having or lacking tendons, the performance of antagonist muscles, considering extensor digitorum longus, which ends in four tendons, and describing dorsal interossei muscles. Moreover, 31 short points were extracted from the most detailed image in the “muscles” treatise. Five noteworthy points of this section are the number of abdominal wall muscles, bladder sphincter, the muscular part of male genital organ, muscular part of pharynx, and the muscles whose origin or insertion are hyoid bone.